class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # System Theory ## Public Policy Analysis: Perspectives and Methods (30700953) ### Yue HU --- ## Overview 1. What's & Why a system? 1. How to understand a system? --- class: inverse, bottom # What & Why --- class: middle ## What's a System? .pull-left[<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_computerSystem.png" height = 400 />] ??? ALU: Arithmetic logic unit -- .pull-right[ Do you know how the CPU and memory work? ] ??? Why don't you? --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_systemXi.png") background-position: center background-size: contain ## Why System? --- ## Why System? To integrate... -- .bg-black.golden.ba.shadow-5.ph4.mt3[ The very idea of a system suggests that we can .red[separate] political life from the rest of social activity. .tr[ --- David Easton (1957: 384) ] ] .center[Nope!] ??? At least for an analytic purpose --- class: center, middle ## How to Separate *Two criteria* **Unites (roles)** "Who are conducting political actions?" **Boundaries** "Where (what dimension) are the political actions conducted?" ??? e.g., 1. Human system vs. international system 1. Biological system vs. chemical system --- ## Boundaries .left-column[ ### Social ] .right-column[ .center[<img src = "images/sys_socialBoundary.jpg" height = 500>] ] ??? 杜甫《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》 朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨 --- ## Boundaries .left-column[ ### Social ### Biological ] .right-column[ .center[<img src = "images/sys_biologicalBoundary.jpg" height = 500>] ] --- ## Boundaries .left-column[ ### Social ### Biological ### Physical ] .right-column[ .center[<img src = "images/sys_physicalBoundaries.jpg" height = 500>] ] --- class: inverse, bottom # How to Use System to Analyze Politics --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#images/group_policyCycle.png") background-position: center background-size: contain ## Policy-Making cycle --- ## A Political System .center[<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_politicalSystem.png" height = 500 />] ??? Easton, David. 1957. “An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems.” *World Politics* 9(03): 383–400. .green[Q]: How is it different from a computer system? Political system: no machine-human interaction perhaps --- ## Inputs .center[ Environment &rarr; system Reason for .red[keeping] the system going ] -- .pull-left[ ### Demands ] .pull-right[ ### Support ] --- ## Demands > The material .red[basis] of the system and the .red[source] of system's existence and adjustment. -- .pull-left[ ### External + Ecology + Economy + Culture + Personality + Social structure + Demography ] .pull-right[ ### Internal "Withinputs" Alterations in the political relationship ] ??? Representativeness: Equalizing representation between uran and rural voting districts Alterantive ways to do the politics: Process of recruitment of formal political leaders Inter-party democratization --- ## Inputs Environment &rarr; system .pull-left[ ### Demands + External + Internal ] .pull-right[ ### Support + Community + Regime + Government ] --- ## Support .bg-black.golden.ba.shadow-5.ph4.mt3[ .red[Energy] in the form of actions or .red[orientations] promoting and resisting a political system. .tr[ --- David Easton (1957: 390) ] ] -- A supports B, which means... .pull-left[ .center[ Back up <img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_qingBai.jpg" height = 200 />] ] .pull-right[ .center[ Intimacy <img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_fans.jpg" height = 200 />] ] --- ## Outputs .center[ Input: Environment .navy[&rarr;] system Output: Environment .red[&larr;] system ] -- .pull-left[ *Policy* > Attitude and actions regarding an objective. 1. No need for satisfying every demands 1. Demands of influential members are often satisfied ] -- .pull-right[ *Politicization* <img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_politicalization.jpg" height = 330 /> ] --- ## Political Loop .pull-left[ ### Environment Defined by boundaries - Intra societal - Extra societal ] .pull-right[ ### Feedback Positive Negative ] --- ## Problem of the System Theory .center[ <video width="1000" height="550" controls preload> <source src="images/sys_elhoyo.mp4" type="video/mp4"> </video> ] ??? Gaztelu-Urrutia, Galder. 2020. El hoyo. Basque Films, Mr Miyagi Films, Plataforma La Película AIE. Horror, Sci-Fi, Thriller. --- ## Take-Home Points .center[<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sys_politicalSystem.png" height = 500 />] ??? Political system: units (actions: roles and groups) and boundaries Demands: external/internal Support: backup/intimacy Outputs: policy/politicization